ABSTRACT
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels é uma árvore popularmente conhecida como "jamelão" ou "azeitona-roxa", é um vegetal frutífero de grande porte, pertencente à família Myrtaceae e de origem asiática, teve sua expansão em diversas regiões do mundo, no Brasil é encontrada no Nordeste, Norte e Sudeste. Quando aplicada na medicina tradicional apresenta diversas propriedades farmacológicas contidas em suas folhas, frutos, sementes e caule, com isso torna-se uma espécie bastante promissora para a indústria farmacêutica e alimentícia, pois além de conter características benéficas possui um alto poder econômico. Desta forma, este trabalho visa caracterizar físicoquimicamente a droga vegetal e solução extrativa obtidos a partir das partes aéreas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels para futuro desenvolvimento de forma farmacêutica. O material vegetal de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels foi coletado na região de Araçoiaba-PE. Suas partes aéreas foram secas e trituradas. A solução extrativa foi obtida através da maceração da matéria-prima utilizando o etanol como solvente e as caracterizações foram realizadas de acordo com a Farmacopeia Brasileira 6° edição.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is a tree popularly known as "jamelão" or "olive-purple", is a large fruiting plant, belonging to the Myrtaceae family and of Asian origin, had its expansion in several regions of the world, in Brazil is found in the Nor- theast, North and Southeast. When applied in traditional medicine it presents several phar- macological properties contained in its leaves, fruits, seeds and stem, thus becoming a very promising species for the pharmaceutical and food industry, because besides contai- ning beneficial characteristics it has a high economic power. Thus, this work aims to physicochemically characterize the plant drug and extractive solution obtained from the aerial parts of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels for future development of pharmaceutical form. The plant material of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels was collected in the region of Araçoiaba-PE. Its aerial parts were dried and triturated. The extractive solution was obtained by maceration of the raw material using ethanol as solvent and the characteriza- tions were performed according to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia 6th edition.
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels es un árbol conocido popularmente como "ja- melão" o "oliva-púrpura", es una planta fructífera de gran tamaño, perteneciente a la fa- milia Myrtaceae y de origen asiático, tuvo su expansión en varias regiones del mundo, en Brasil se encuentra en el Nordeste, Norte y Sudeste. Cuando se aplica en la medicina tradicional tiene varias propiedades farmacológicas contenidas en sus hojas, frutos, se- millas y tallo, convirtiéndose así en una especie muy prometedora para la industria far- macéutica y alimentaria, ya que además de contener características beneficiosas tiene un alto poder económico. Así, este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar fisicoquímica- mente la droga vegetal y la solución extractiva obtenida de las partes aéreas de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels para el futuro desarrollo de forma farmacéutica. El material vegetal de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fue recolectado en la región de Araçoiaba-PE. Sus partes aéreas fueron secadas y trituradas. La solución extractiva se obtuvo por maceración de la materia prima utilizando etanol como solvente y las caracterizaciones se realizaron de acuerdo con la Farmacopea Brasileña 6ª edición.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY Bixa orellana L. is a native plant from Brazil, but it is also present in other tropical countries such as Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Indonesia, India and East Africa. It is popularly known as Urucum in Brazil. This review shows the potential of bioactive compounds derived from B. orellana to treat infectious diseases due their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This plant is also related as an antiinflammatory agent for treatment of pulmonary diseases, or even as eye drops for redness. Its leaves are used for treatment of snakebite, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuretic, antipyretic, and for skin disease. This popular knowledge has encouraged the identification of bioactive compounds in this plant. Compounds as β-cryptoxanthin, geranylgeraniol, lutein, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, ellagi tannin isomer and ellagic acid deoxyhexose have been described. These compounds inhibited pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses. In addition, some compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also described. In this sense, B. orellana is a promising source of compounds that could be applied in antimicrobial therapy. This review work may help in the understanding and incentive of new research for antimicrobial discoveries using different B. orellana compounds.
RESUMEN Bixa orellana L. es una planta nativa de Brasil, pero también está presente en otros países tropicales como Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Indonesia, India y África Oriental. Es conocida popularmente como Urucum en Brasil. Esta revisión expone el potencial de los compuestos bioactivos derivados de B. orellana para tratar enfermedades debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Esta planta también está relacionada como un agente antiinflamatorio para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares e incluso como gotas para los ojos para el enrojecimiento. Sus hojas se utilizan para el tratamiento de la mordedura de serpiente, diarrea, gonorrea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuréticos, antipiréticos y para enfermedades de la piel. Ese conocimiento popular ha fomentado la identificación de compuestos bioactivos en esa planta. Los compuestos β-criptoxantina, geranilgeraniol, luteína, procianidina B2, procianidina B3, isómero elagitanino y ácido elágico desoxihexosa inhibieron microorganismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, protozoos y virus. En ese sentido, B. orellana es una fuente prometedora de compuestos que podrían aplicarse en la terapia antimicrobiana. Este trabajo de revisión puede ayudar a comprender e incentivar nuevas investigaciones para los descubrimientos de antimicrobianos que utilizan diferentes compuestos de B. orellana.
ABSTRACT
Citrus are the largest fruit crops grown across the globe. It is one of the most profitable crops in terms of economy as well as popular for nutritional benefits. The most interesting aspect about citrus is the availability of several varieties with attractive colours. Approximately 50 % of citrus remains unconsumed after processing as pith residue, peels and seeds. Direct disposal of these wastes cause serious environmental problems in terms of killing natural flora in the soil because of antibacterial properties of limonene oils. Seepage to underground waters or open water bodies affects water quality and aquatic life, respectively. Citrus waste reuse to obtain value added-phytochemicals and pectin is one of the popular topics in industrial research, food and synthetic chemistry. The present article reviews recent advances in exploring the effects of phytochemical compounds obtained from citrus wastes in view of various health aspects
ABSTRACT
In order to assess the antibacterial activities of methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts (MLE and ALE) as well as that of methanolic berry extract (MBE) of Lantana camara Linn, we screened each for antibacterial effects against 14 bacterial isolates using agar-well diffusion method at concentration of 25mg/ml with streptomycin as control antibacterial. Data obtained were analyzed with ANOVA and t-test using SPSS 15.0 for Windows. The MLE is comparable to streptomycin in antibacterial activity as they both showed antibacterial activity against 13 (92.86%) bacterial isolates with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 12mm-20mm. The ALE and MBE however, showed inhibitory activities against 3 (21.43%, IZD 10mm- 11mm) and 7 (42.86%, IZD 11mm-17mm) bacterial isolates respectively. Flavonoids, saponin and alkaloids were present in the three extracts while phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside and steroid were absent. Terpenoids and tannin were only present in the MBE and MLE respectively. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc were observed in the leaf and berry of Lantana camara. Iron, copper and manganese were present in trace amount with lead (Pb) totally absent. Though the three extracts showed antibacterial effects against the isolates, the MLE was the most effective. The phytochemical analysis revealed that Lantana camara has compounds with antibacterial activities and can possibly be used as alternative therapy to infections caused by the sensitive study bacteria.
ABSTRACT
Ficus exasperata has been extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of many ailments. The aqueous extract of leaves of this herb reduced blood pressure through its cholinomimetic effect. In this study, different fractions of the crude extract of F. exasperata leaves (FEFIX) were evaluated on blood pressure. Fractionated extracts were obtained by successive use of different solvents on the total crude extract. Phytochemical analysis was performed for each fraction and increasing doses (0.25 to 40 mg / kg b.w.) were administered intravenously. The phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids and phenols were found in ethanol fraction (FE-FEFIX) and methanol fraction (FM-FEFIX). Saponins and tannins have been identified only in the aqueous fraction (FA-FEFIX). Decreases in blood pressure were 40.02 ± 3.08 mm Hg for the ethanol fraction (FE-FEFIX), 9.95 ± 2.09 mm Hg for the methanol fraction (FM-FEFIX) and 5.26 ± 1.46 mm Hg in the aqueous fraction (FA-FEFIX). Hypotension induced by ethanol fraction is found to be greater than those induced by the other two fractions. In conclusion, this study showed that the hypotensive effect of F. exasperata leaves was greater with its ethanol extract. Alkaloids and phenols present in this extract may be involved in the hypotensive effect.
ABSTRACT
Ficus exasperata has been extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of many ailments. The aqueous extract of leaves of this herb reduced blood pressure through its cholinomimetic effect. In this study, different fractions of the crude extract of F. exasperata leaves (FEFIX) were evaluated on blood pressure. Fractionated extracts were obtained by successive use of different solvents on the total crude extract. Phytochemical analysis was performed for each fraction and increasing doses (0.25 to 40 mg / kg b.w.) were administered intravenously. The phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids and phenols were found in ethanol fraction (FE-FEFIX) and methanol fraction (FM-FEFIX). Saponins and tannins have been identified only in the aqueous fraction (FA-FEFIX). Decreases in blood pressure were 40.02 ± 3.08 mm Hg for the ethanol fraction (FE-FEFIX), 9.95 ± 2.09 mm Hg for the methanol fraction (FM-FEFIX) and 5.26 ± 1.46 mm Hg in the aqueous fraction (FA-FEFIX). Hypotension induced by ethanol fraction is found to be greater than those induced by the other two fractions. In conclusion, this study showed that the hypotensive effect of F. exasperata leaves was greater with its ethanol extract. Alkaloids and phenols present in this extract may be involved in the hypotensive effect.